Functions of communication, activities of communication

Functions of communication, activities of communication

Hello dear friends here you will get Functions of communication or activities of communication, Function of business communication, Importance of business communication, Advantages of business communication.

Communication performs variety of functions within a group or organization. It helps in transmitting information and exchanging opinions and ideas among the employees of an organization. Basic communication functions are discussed in the following manner: Functions of communication.

1. Informing messages: An important function of communication is to inform any subject matter to others. Communicator informs any subject matter, information or data to the receiver through communication. If the receiver understands the real meaning of the message, communication becomes complete.

2. Persuasion: Another important function of communication is to persuade employees so that they can perform duties and responsibilities according to the desire of the management. Communication helps employees to know the techniques of performing their jobs well.

3. Directing: Communication helps in giving direction to the employees to accomplish their assigned duties and responsibilities. It transfers orders and instructions from the superiors to the subordinates. It helps in explaining the ways how jobs are to be done. Functions of communication.

4. Solving problems: An important function of communication is to help in organizational problems. It helps to find out the problem and creating an atmosphere to discuss the problem and solve them. It helps in exchanging opinions between the contrasting parties and to arrive at a solution.

5. Helping planning and decision making: Another function of communication is to facilitate in decision making. Communication helps in decision making by supplying relevant information. Moreover it supplies information for the purpose of making plans.

6. Forming opinions: An important function of communication is to help in forming opinion. It assists in exchanging ideas, thoughts, beliefs and information among human beings and helps in forming favorable opinions.

7. Coordination and cooperation: Communication performs another important function in coordinating the activities of various work groups and departments within the organization. It helps in removing the inconsistencies and brings harmony in the work field.

8. Maintaining relations: Communication helps in developing and maintaining good relations between different parties. It helps in minimizing misunderstanding and difference of opinion and creates a healthy atmosphere in the organization which facilitates in developing human relations.

9. Publicity of products: Modern age is the age of publicity. It is very difficult to attract customers and create market without proper publicity in modern age. Communication plays a very vital role in this connection. Functions of communication.

10. Exchange of information: The main function of communication is the exchange of facts and information between human beings. It transfers massages form the sender to the receiver.

11. Controlling: It helps in controlling the activities of the subordinates by providing communicational measures at different levels of the organization. It helps in monitoring and evaluating the performance of the subordinates and taking corrective measures.

12. International relation: Another function of communication is to build up international relations. No country of the world is self-sufficient at present. Every country is to take other country’s support and help for its own interest. So there is a necessity to develop good relations. Improved communication helps in developing such relations. Functions of communication.

13. Building image: Strong image of the organization helps to gain competitive advantage in the market. Communication helps to build up image of the organization through timely contact with the stakeholders, advertising etc.

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Functions of communication, activities of communication

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Scope of communication skills

Scope of communication skills

Hello dear friends here you will get Scope of communication skills, Communication scope, Business communication scope, Scope of business communication.

Scope of communication skills is wider than any other act of human behavior. The entire life of human being involves communication. No one can spend even a moment without use of communication. From dawn to sleep time people spend their time in any form of communication. Any kind of activity whether it is personal, organizational, political, social, religious or cultural falls within the scope communication. Scope of communication is shown in the following figure:

Figure: Scope of communication

1. Communication in personal life: The entire life form birth to death of any person involves communication. No one can spend any moment without communication. A man interacts with his family members, fellow friends or colleagues involve communication. Even when he enjoys a T.V. program or reads newspaper, he is engaged in communication. Scope of communication skills.

2. Communication in social life: Man is a social being. So, people live in a group in the society. To live in a society a man is to take part in the social functions and to maintain relations with the other members of the society. He is to play different roles in the society activities.

3. Communication in organizational life: Communication is most important in business organization. No organization exists without communication. Communication is used in the following organization activities.

(A) Planning and decision making: Managers are to take decisions and make plans for the business. For these purposes they are to collect information and consult with others, which involve communication. Scope of communication skills.

(B) Selection and training: For selecting employees for the organization is needed advertisement, and take interview. Which involves with communication? Giving training to the employees also involves communication.

(C) Directing: To implement a plan managers are to give orders and to issue instructions to the subordinates-which requires effective communication.

(D) Coordination: Managers are to use communication to coordinate the activities of various work groups or departments.

(E) Distribution and Marketing: In marketing activities communication plays a very vital role. Without use of communication, no organization can promote its products in the market. Scope of communication skills.

(F) Establishing relations: Communication helps in establishing harmonious relationship between labor and management.

(G) Controlling: All controlling functions involve communication. Managers can effectively control the activities of the subordinates by using downward and upward communication.

4. Communication in political life: Political parties give special emphasis on communication. Success of any political party depends on mass communication system.

5. Communication in state affairs: Various Government department used communication to run the administration and to inform people about development programs and other issues.

6. Communication in religious life: For the spread of religion communication is used. Religious leaders inform different aspects of religion to the people. So, in the religious life communication is used comprehensively.

7. Communication in foreign trade and international affairs: Today every country of the world is dependent on other countries in different affairs. That’s why every country is to establish and maintain international relations. Improved communication system helps to establish good relations with other countries. Scope of communication skills.

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Communication skills

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Characteristics of communication or features of communication

Characteristics of communication or features of communication

Hello dear friends here you will get Characteristics of communication or Features of communication, Important characteristics of communication,  Business Communication Syllabus.  

Important characteristics of communication are as follows:
1. Specific objectives: Every work of human being should be specific objective oriented. Aimless work or communication cannot bear any fruitful result. So, the communicator should aware of the objective of communication clearly.

2. Message or information: Message is the set of symbols that the sender transmits to the receiver through the media. It is content of the interaction between sender and receiver. Characteristics of communication.

3. Exchange of information: Communication helps to exchange information or ideas between sender and receiver. For the achievement of any objective, exchange of information or idea is very important. features of communication.

4. Two or more person/parties: Generally, communication is the two-way process. It happens between or among two or more parties (sender and receiver). Employees need the opportunity to share their feedback, opinions and thoughts with managers and employers. Characteristics of communication.

5. Formality: Most of the cases communication maintains formal rules and procedure between or among the sender and receiver. features of communication.

6. Use of media/channel: Without media or channel message of communication are not possible to send to the receiver. But all media are not equally effective. Suitable media should be selected each time while sending any message. Characteristics of communication.

7. Mutual of understanding: Communication involves mutuality of understanding between sender and receiver. They should understand the subject matter of the communication. features of communication.

 8. Dynamic process: Communication is a dynamic process between or among the sender and receiver. One party send message and another provide feedback until the objectives of the communication achieved.

9. Noise/Barriers: Noise is an interruption or disturbance to the message sent in the communication processes that distort the meaning of the message. Characteristics of communication.

10. Feedback: Feedback is the reaction or response of the receiver to the sender. Feedback is essential to complete any communication process.

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Characteristics of communication or features of communication

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Ways to achieve the objectives of business communication

Ways to achieve the objectives of business communication

Hello dear friends here you will get Ways to achieve the objectives of business communication, Way to achieve Business communication, Ways to achieve business communication objectives, Business communication objectives way to achieve, Objectives of communication in business.

Business communication has many objectives. Among them most important objectives are to increase the efficiency of the managers, to develop harmonious relations, to remove misunderstanding and distrust to perform managerial functions etc. to achieve these objectives certain steps should be undertaken which can be discussed in the following ways: Ways to achieve the objectives of business communication.

1. Generating and analyzing the ideas: The primary duty of the communicator is to generate specific idea about the communication. The next duty of the communicator is to analyze the idea carefully; otherwise communication will not be effective.

2. Communication planning: To achieve the objective of the communication it is necessary to prepare a plan before communicating. Communication plan will include time, cost, media and probable response of the receiver of the message of communication.

3. Increase of communication skill: Skill of communication personnel is an important factor for effective communication. Managers should give special attention for the development of communication skill.

4. Selecting proper media: To achieve the objective of the communication, it is essential to select suitable media for communication. If wrong type of media is selected, it will not be possible to achieve the objective of communication. Ways to achieve the objectives of business communication.

5. Time consideration: Proper time should be selected for communicating. The proverb, “A stitch in time saves nine.”- is applicable for communication also. If right time is selected for communication, achievement of objective becomes easier.

6. Consideration of receiver’s reaction: The communication should consider the receiver’s reaction while attempting to communicate. If communicator considers the attitude, temperament and stress of the receiver, communication becomes effective.

7. Feedback: For achieving the objective of communication, emphasis should be given to feedback. Communicator should seek feedback from the receiver. Feedback completes the communication process. As a result, objective is achieved.

Ways to achieve the objectives of business communication

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Objectives or purposes of business communication

Objectives or purposes of business communication

Hello dear friends here you will get Objectives or purposes of business communication, objective of communication, Objectives of business communication, Purposes of business communication, Business Communication Objectives, Business Communication Purposes.

Communication has many objectives. Its primary objective is to exchange ideas, opinions, thoughts, beliefs and information between human beings. In the fields of business, the main objective of communication is to help managers in performing all managerial functions smoothly. Different objectives of communication are discussed below; Business Communication Objectives.

1. Achieving organization goals: The main objective of communication is to help managers in achieving organization goals. It helps managers to perform all managerial functions and to achieve predetermined goals. Objectives of business communication.

2. Exchanging of information: Another objective of communication is to exchange information between employees of an organization. It helps to make contact with the external forces of an organization. Business Communication Purposes.

3. Formulation and execution of plans: Communication supplies information to the managers who prepares effective plans for the organization. Managers collect information from different sources and prepare and execute organizational plans through the help of communication. Business Communication Objectives

4. Increasing efficiency: Communication helps to increase the efficiency of the employees of an organization by supplying information timely relating to the work.

5. Directing the subordinates: An important objective of communication is to give effective direction to the employees of an organization. Communication helps to reach executive orders to the subordinates. Objectives of business communication.

6. Create consciousness: Another remarkable objective of communication is to create consciousness among the employees about their duties and responsibilities by supplying various information.

7. Coordination and cooperation: Another important objective of communication is to help in coordinating and cooperating the activities of various work groups and departments working within the organization. Business Communication Objectives.

8. Persuasion: To persuade the employees to work hard for the organization and the buyers to buy organization’s products are two other important objective of communication. Business Communication Purposes.

9. Facilitating joint effort: No organization can achieve its goal by individual effort. It requires joint effort. Communication helps in taking joint effort in the organization.

10. Education and training of employees: Communication helps to provide education and training of employees of the organization.

11. Develop labor-management relations: Another objective of communication is to improve relationship between management and workforce within the organization. It removes misunderstanding. Between the two parties and helps to develop and maintain better relationship. Objectives of business communication.

12. Creating relationship with external parties: Communication helps to create good relationship with external parties of the organization.

13. Monitoring and controlling the activities: Monitoring and controlling the activities of the subordinates is other important objective of organization communication.

14. Solving problem: One of the most important objectives of communication is help solving different organizational problems. It creates bases for discussion by supplying information which helps in removing the differences among the disputed parties. Business Communication Purposes.

15. Initiate to change: Another objective of communication is to initiate change within the organization. Communication supplies various information to the employees which helps in changing their attitude and brings changes in the organization.

16. Decision making: Communication helps managers to take decisions. It helps in exchanging ideas and opinions with others which help managers to take appropriate decisions. Business Communication Objectives.

17. Making aware of future change: In earth everything in changing continuously. To adopt with the changing environment management has the initiate different organizational change. Here communication helps to make employees aware of future change.

18. Building image: Strong image of the organization helps to gain competitive advantage in the market. Communication helps to build up image of the organization through timely contact with the stakeholders, advertising etc.

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Objectives or purposes of business communication

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Difference between business communication and general communication

Difference between business communication and general communication

Hello dear friends here you will get Difference between business communication and general communication, What is business communication, What is general communication, Variation business communication and general communication,

Business communication is the process where business related issues information, functions, news etc. are exchanged between producers, distributors, buyers, sellers, suppliers, competitors, government agencies, business Patrice etc. for efficiently organizing and administering business. business communication and general communication difference.

On the other hand, general communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, feelings, thoughts, values etc between two or more persons/parties to achieve personal objective. The differences business communication and general communication are as follows:

Basis	Business Communication	General Communication
1. Objective	To achieve business related objectives	To achieve any type of objectives except business.
2. Nature	Deal with the business related issues, information, functions, news etc.	Deal with the personal or interpersonal issues, information, etc.
3. Scope	Scope of business communication is limited compared to general communication.	Scope of general communication is large compared to business communication
4. Emotion	No scope of showing personal feelings and emotions in the message.	Showing personal feelings and emotions in the message is a common part.
5. Channel	Mainly it uses verbal channel of communication.	Mainly it uses non-verbal channel of communication
6. Partiality	It is impartial in nature.	It is partial in nature.
7. Legal Evidence	Business messages are recorded and act as a legal evidence.	General messages are recorded and do not act as a legal evidence.
8. Feedback	Feedback is essential in business communication.	Feedback is not essential in business communication.
9. Audience	It takes place between business people who are talking about a subject that is common and important to all.	It takes different tones depending upon whether we are talking to a child, a friend or someone who is a senior.
10. Formality	It is more formal and follows specific rules of business	It is less formal and not follows any rules except of course rules of etiquette and manners.
11. Language	Business communication maintains a distance and uses a formal language only.	It can use slang terms and it times be crude when talking to a friend.
12. Alternative	It is also known as commercial communication.	It is also known as interpersonal communication.
13. Use of Graphs	Graphs, tables, charts, diagrams, etc. are frequently used in business communication.	Tables, charts, diagrams, etc. are rarely used in business communication.

Difference between business communication and general communication

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Meaning of Business communication definition

Meaning of business communication definition

Hello dear friend here you will get Meaning of Business communication definition, Definition of business communication, What is Business communication?, What do mean by business communication?

Business communication is the specialized branch of general communication that is especially concerned with business activities. When communication takes places among business parties concerning business affairs or business related issues is known as business communication. Business communication is nothing but, the communication between the people in the organization for the purpose of carrying out the business activities. Meaning of Business communication definition.

Business communication encompasses a variety of topics, including marketing, branding, customer relations, consumer behavior, advertising, public relations, corporate communication, interpersonal communication, employee appointment, online communication and event management etc. some definitions of business communication are as follows:

According to Ricks and Gow, “Business communication is a system that affects change within the total organization.”

According to W. H. Meaning, “The exchange of ideas, news and views in connection with the business among the related parties is called business communication.”

According to Prof. J. Haste, “Communication occurred between two or more businessmen for organizing and administering business efficiently is called business communication.” Meaning of Business communication definition.

According to Brennar, “Business communication is the expression channeling, receiving and interchanging of ides in commerce and industry.”

 Figure: Simple chart of business communication

So, we can conclude that business communication is the process where business related issues, information, functions, news etc. are exchanged between producers, distributors, buyers, sellers, suppliers, competitors, government agencies, business parties etc. for efficiently organizing and administering business. Meaning of Business communication definition.

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Meaning of business communication definition

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What is meaning of communication?

What is meaning of communication?

Hello dear friends here you will get Meaning of communication, What is meaning of communication?, Communication meaning, Definition of communication, What is Communication?, What do you mean by communication?, Define Communication.  

The word communication has been derived from Latin word ‘communis’ which means ‘common’. What is that ‘common’ thing? It is the meaning of word, idea, information, fact or anything. Communication means sharing, exchanging or involving common information, news ideas, thoughts, etc. with someone. Simply it is the process of transmitting information form one person to another person. Different scholars defined communication in different ways in different viewpoints. Some of them as follow: Meaning of communication.

> According to Baskin and Aronoff - “Communication is the exchange of messages between people for the purpose of achieving common meanings”.

> According to Newman and others - “Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinion or emotions by two or more persons”.

> According to Wihrich and Koonts - “Communication is the transfer of information form a sender to a receiver with the information being understood by the receiver.”

> According to Megginson - “Communication is the process of transmitting meanings, ideas and understanding of a person or a group to another person or group.”

> According to Theo Haiman - “Communication means the process of passing information and understanding form one person to another person.”

Figure: Simple chart of communication process

So, communication is the process of transmitting or exchanging information, ideas, feelings thoughts, values, etc. between two or more persons/parties in which they con mutually understand and..................

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What is meaning of communication?

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Application to Human Resource Manager for the post of secretary

Application to Human Resource Manager for the post of secretary

Hello dear friends here you will get Application to Human Resource Manager for the post of secretary, Human Resource Manager secretary application.

16 August, 2012
To
The Human Resource Manager
Unilever United State Ltd.
New York, United State

Subject: Application for the post of ‘Secretary’.

Sir,
Your advertisement in the August 12, issue of “The United Sate Observer” attracted my attention because I believe that I have the right efficiency that you are looking for in a secretary.

For your kind concern, I am familiar with the computer system that you use in your company. It can also be noted that I have been working as secretary in Paramount Co. Ltd. New York.
I am looking forward for an interview with you.
I enclose my resume with this application thanking you.

Your faithfully,
Michel John.

Application to Human Resource Manager for the post of secretary

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Write an application for the following advertisement

Write an application for the following advertisement

Hello dear friends here you will get Write an application for the following advertisement, Advertisement Application, Example of Advertisement Application, Employment Communication, Business communication degree solutions.

‘Situation vacant’ 

A multinational company based in Taxes seeking for a sales manager. The candidate should have an MBA (in Marketing) or a master’s degree in Marketing with minimum five years of job experience. Age should be between 35 to 40 years. Write to

Box No. A – 375 

C/o. The Famous Daily, 

New York 

Before August 10, 2012. 

 Before August 10, 2012 an application for advertisement

2 August, 2012
-
To The Advertiser
Box No. A-375
C/o. The Famous Daily New York

Subject: Application for the post of ‘Sales Manager’.

Sir,
With reference to your advertisement published in The Famous Daily on August 29, 2012. I like to offer myself for the mentioned post. My resume is enclosed here with for your kind consideration.

I am expecting your kind consideration will give me a chance to prove myself for the post.

Thanking you
Sincerely,
Michel John
Enclosure: i. Resume
              ii. Attested copies of all certificates.

Write an application for the following advertisement

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Write an appointment letter to a candidate who has been selected for a post

Write an appointment letter to a candidate who has been selected for a post

Hello dear friends here you will get Write an appointment letter to a candidate who has been selected for a post, business letter template, sample letter of appointment letter. How to write an appointment letter?  

Unilever United Stated Ltd. 

New York USA. 

August 14, 2012
Michel John 78/a, R. M. Das Road
New York- 1120

Subject: Appointment as an ‘Accounts Officer’ 

Dear Michel John,
Congratulations, you have been selected for the post of ‘Account Officer’ with reference to your application and successful interviews; we have decided to appoint you as an accounts officer. Following terms and conditions will be applicable:

1. Your appointment will be on probationary basis.
2. The probation period is two years from the date of joining.
3. During the probation period you will get a salary of $5000 per month.
4. Your job is transferable and you can be posted to any branch office within the country.
5. After the successful completion of the probation period your service will confirmed at the discretions of the management.
6. The present service rules of the Unilever United Stated Ltd. Will be applicable to this appointment.
7. The authority of Unilever United Stated Ltd. Holds the right to discharge you without showing any cause.
8. You have to join on or before August 20, 2012.
9. Your appointment will be effective form the date of joining.

Thanking you
John Bosh
Manager Human Resource Department.

sample letter of appointment letter

Write an appointment letter to a candidate who has been selected for a post

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What is a resignation letter?

What is a resignation letter?

Hello dear friends here you will get What is a resignation letter? What is the general format of a resignation letter?, Format of a resignation letter.

When an executive or an employee like to move from one firm to another firm then he/she need to inform it do the present employer in written form. Such written message bearing the information of resigning from the firm is known as the ‘resignation letter’. An employee can leave the firm for different types of reasons but in a resignation letter he/she should use such a tone which will help to maintain good relation with the present employer.

Format of a resignation letter: There is no specific rule or format for drafting a letter of resignation. But the common trend in the corporate sector is a letter of resignation should be written by following the ‘bad-news plan’.

According to Thill and Bovee letter of resignation should follow the following three steps:

1. Begin with an appreciative buffer
2. Fill out the middle section with your reasons for looking for another job and the actual statement that you are leaving.
3. Close cordially

1. Begin with buffer: A resignation letter should start with a positive tone irrespective of the actual feeling of the employee. This positive or tactful opening will act as a buffer to maintain a sound relationship between the present employer and leaving employee.

2. Explanation of causes: In the middle part of the resignation letter a clear and complete explanation should be provided stating the reasons of leaving the firm.

3. Close cordially: A resignation letter should be closed by expressing good wish. At least two weeks’ notice should be given to the present employer to find a replacement.

What is a resignation letter?

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What is job joining letter?

What is job joining letter?

Here you will get What is a joining letter?, What is job joining letter?, What a joining letter in response to an appointment letter.

Job joining letter After receiving an appointment letter the selected candidate may join in the desired post. As a compulsory rule newly appointed persons have to place a letter to the proper authority of the organization by informing the message of joining letter.

Joining letter example:

What is job joining letter?

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What is appointment letter?

What is appointment letter?

Hello dear friends here you will get What is appointment letter?, Definition of appointment letter, Define appointment letter, What factors should be considered for drafting an appointment letter?

After evaluating through different types of tests candidates are finally selected for appointment. The information of the selection of a particular candidate needs to be transmitted to him/her. The written message bearing the information of selection of an applicant is known as appointment letter. In other words, appointment letter is the letters which convey the information of appointment.

Features of appointment letter:
i. Written by the employer
ii. Positive tone
iii. Formal
iv. Documentary evidence.

Considerable factors for drafting appointment letter:
1. Expressing goodwill or congratulation to the candidate
2. State the positive message
3. Mentioned the joining date, place and time
4. Terms and conditions of the job
5. Amount of salary and other benefits should be mentioned
6. Responsibilities expected from the prospective employee also should be mentioned in an appointment letter
7. Nature of the appointment must be noted.

Above factors need to be considered for drafting an appointment letter because it acts as a documentary evidence.

What is appointment letter?

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What factors should be considered for the preparation of a perfect resume?

What factors should be considered for the preparation of a perfect resume?

Here you will get How common mistakes of a resume can be eliminated?, What factors should be considered for the preparation of a perfect resume?,The checklist for effective resume. Preparation of a perfect CV.

Writing an effective resume is one of the preconditions of getting a job. Following factors should be considered to prepare a perfect resume.

1. Desired style: Resume should be prepared in that style which is desired by the situation. For example, a chronological style should be followed by a person who has past job experiences in different firms. On the other hand, an individual who is just entering in the job market for the first time should follow functional style in preparation of the resume.

2. Avoid excessive use of personal pronoun: Too much use of personal pronouns should be avoided. 3. Provide contact information: Complete and accurate mailing address should be provided in the CV for future contacts.

4. Specific career objective: Applicant should clearly mention his/her career goal. Specific mentioning of career objective is explained positively.

5. Showing interest: To be successful a candidate should express interest to the company and also to the profession.

6. Listing educational qualification: Communication experts advocated that “The most recent on last academic degree should appear first.” Other qualifications also should be mentioned along with the name of institutions and year of passing.

7. Job experience: In mentioning job experience, duration of the job designation, name and location of the firm, achievement or rewards etc. should be clearly stated.

8. Personal data: Personal data is an indispensable part of a CV. Thus the common trend is to include personal data in detail in the first section of the resume.

9. Use familiar words: For better acceptance applicant should use familiar words which are easily understandable by all.

10. References: The names of relatives and present employers should not be given as reference.

What factors should be considered for the preparation of a perfect resume?

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What are the common problems or mistakes of a resume?

What are the common problems or mistakes of a resume?

Here you will get The common problems or mistakes of resume are as follows:

1. Poor presentation: Sometimes printing of resume is not good enough and overall presentation fails to meet the desired standards.

2. Too long: Resume should not be too long. Irrelevant matters should be avoided.

 3. Spelling mistakes: Another common problem found in different resume is spelling mistakes.

4. Unclear carrier objective: Some applicants also failed to identify their carrier objectives.

5. Over confidence: A tone of confidence is very good but over confident tone is treated as opposing and negatively evaluated.

6. False statement: Producing false statement in the resume is another mistake done by some candidates.

7. Wrong selection of words: Sometimes candidates use heavy and unfamiliar words to make the resume more attractive but unfortunately use of unfamiliar or informal words create negative impression.

What are the common problems or mistakes of a resume?

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What is resolution?, Different types of resolution of a company meeting

What is resolution?, Different types of resolution of a company meeting

Hello dear friends here you will get What is resolution?, Different types of resolution of a company meeting,  definition of resolution, 

In a company meeting different motions can be made by the members but al motion may not be culminated into resolution.

A motion or proposal becomes a resolution when it is adopted by the majority members of the meeting. Thus it is clear that a resolution is a decision passed in the meeting.

Types of resolution: Resolutions are of three types
1. Ordinary resolution
2. Special resolution
3. Resolution requiring special notice

1. Ordinary resolution: A resolution will be considered as ordinary resolution if the votes cast in favor of the resolution exceeds the votes cast against it, at a meeting. The votes may be cast by member either in person or by proxy. The following business is transacted with ordinary resolution:

i. Appointment of auditors
ii. Fixation of auditor’s remuneration
iii. Declaration of dividend
iv. Election of directors
v. Approval of profit and loss account and balance sheet
vi. Issue of shares of a discount.

2. Special resolution: A special resolution is required for deciding important matters. For example; issues like reduction of capital or winding up must be passed by special resolution. A resolution will be termed as special resolution if it fulfills the following conditions:

i. The notice of the general meeting must include the issue of passing special resolution
ii. The number of votes cast in favor of such resolution must be at least three times the number of votes cast against it.

Special resolution need to be passed for the following issues:
i. Reduction of capital ii. Alteration of memorandum of association
iii. Alteration of articles of association
iv. Winding up etc.

3. Resolution requiring special notice: This is one kind of special resolution but it requires special 14 days notice to the shareholders before the meeting these types of resolution need to be passed for extra-ordinary matters. Three forth ¾ of the total members need to cast their votes in favor of such resolution to pass it at the meeting. The following resolution required special notice:

i. Removal of a director before the expiry of his term
ii. Appointment of a director in place of a removed director, etc.

What is resolution?, Different types of resolution of a company meeting

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What is a quorum for a meeting?

What is a quorum for a meeting?

Hello dear friends here you will get Quorum Definition, What is a quorum for a meeting?, What do you mean by quorum of a meeting? Features of quorum.

Quorum is the ‘minimum number’ of members must be present to make a meeting valid. Thus without quorum the validity of a meeting cannot be claimed.

In other words, quorum means the minimum number of persons who being entitled to attend a meeting must be present at the meeting so that the business of the meeting can be transacted validity.

Features of quorum:
1. Without quorum a meeting will not be valid
2. Quorum for different types of meeting is mentioned in articles of association of the company.
3. Without a quorum a meeting should not start its operation
4. If such provision mentioned in the articles of association then quorum must be continuously present during the meeting
5. For counting quorum a proxy will not be included
6. In case of fraction, the next round number will be considered as quorum.

What is a quorum for a meeting?

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Who is a proxy?, What are the requisites of a valid proxy?

Who is a proxy?, What are the requisites of a valid proxy?

Hello dear friends here you will get Who is a proxy?, What are the requisites of a valid proxy? A proxy is a legal representative of a shareholder who is entitled to vote in a meeting on behalf of the original shareholder. To appoint a proxy a shareholder must fill the form prescribed in the schedule- I of the companies act, 1994. Requisites of a valid proxy:

1. For different meeting proxy must be appointed separately
2. Prescribed form as mentioned in the companies Act must be filled up to appoint a proxy.
3. The original shareholder or his/her attorney must sign in the form used to appoint the proxy
4. Duly filled-up proxy form need to be submitted before stipulated time of the meeting.

Who is a proxy?, What are the requisites of a valid proxy?

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Different types of motion

Different types of motion

Hello dear friends here you will get Different types of motion. On the basis of the importance and objective motions can be of different types: What is a motion? The requisites of a valid motion.

1. Primary motion: A motion raised regarding any important or fundamental aspects of the organization is known as ‘primary motion’. For example a motion on the election of a director or removal of a director can be termed as primary motion.

2. Secondary motion: Infect it is an ‘amendment’ to a motion that already rose in the meeting. This type amendment without changing the original tone of motion is known as secondary motion.

3. Substantive motion: A primary motion when actually amended by a secondary motion then it is known as substantive motion. In short a corrected or amended motion can be termed as substantive motion.

4. Formal motion: The motions those are raised to interrupt the discussion or to delay the decision is known as formal motions. ‘Point of order’ ‘closures’ are different types of formal motions.

Different types of motion

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What is a motion? The requisites of a valid motion

What is a motion? The requisites of a valid motion

Hello dear friends here you will get What is a motion? The requisites of a valid motion. Generally any proposal that rose in the meeting for discussion can be termed as motion. But to be specific, any proposal will not be treated as a motion.

To be a motion proposed topic must be relevant and within the scope of the agenda. Requisites of a valid motion: To be a valid motion following condition must be fulfilled:

1. Written: A valid motion must be placed in written form. Any verbal proposal cannot be treated as a motion.

2. Specific: Another precondition of a valid motion is, it should be specific. There should not be any kind of ambiguity.

3. Signed: A valid motion must be duly signed by the persons who raised it.

4. Relevant: The motion must be relevant and within the scope of the agenda of the meeting.

5. Language: The language of the motion should be formal and affirmative in most of the cases.

6. Support: A valid motion also needs to be supported by another member.

What is a motion? The requisites of a valid motion

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Write the principles of writing minutes

Write the principles of writing minutes

Hello dear friends here you will get Write the principles of writing minutes. Minutes are the written document of the proceeding of a meeting. As it serves as documentary evidence the following principles should be followed to prepare minutes:

i. It should be written clearly and accurately
ii. It should be free from biases
iii. Types of the meeting also should be mentioned
iv. Date, time and place of the meeting should be mentioned
v. All appointments of offices should be mentioned
vi. Resolutions or decisions should be mentioned
vii. In case of board meeting the names of directors present at the meeting must be included in the minutes

viii. It must be signed by the chairman of the meeting. For Photo zoom click your mouse left site.

Write the principles of writing minutes

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What is a minute?, The importance of minutes

What is a minute?, The importance of minutes

Hello dear friends here you will get What is a minute? The importance of minutes A minute is the written record of the proceedings of a meeting. It provides a fair and correct summary of the matters discussed in a meeting.

Secretary of the company records the proceedings of a meeting in the minute’s book. It is kept as a documentary evidence for future references.

Importance or objectives of a minute:
1. It provides accurate summary of the proceeding of a meeting
2. Acts as documentary evidence
3. Opinions of the members can be reviewed
4. Guidelines for future meetings
5. Acts as a means of accountability to the shareholders

What is a minute?, The importance of minutes

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The duties of a secretary regarding serving notice

The duties of a secretary regarding serving notice

Hello dear friends here you will get The requisites of a valid notice or The duties of a secretary regarding serving notice. Notice is given to the shareholders or members of a company to inform them about a meeting.

The date, time and place of the meeting are mentioned in a notice. Duties of a secretary regarding serving notice or essentials of a valid notice:

i. Date of the meeting must be mentioned.
ii. Time and place should be clearly mentioned
iii. Agenda should be enclosed with the notice
iv. It must be served to all the members who are entitled to participate in the meeting.
v. Proxy form should be attached with the notice.
vi. Length of notice must be according to the companies act
vii. It should be signed by the proper authority